Although oil shocks—such as the 90% rise in oil prices from August to October of 1990—can strongly affect individual consumers, Gbadebo Oladosu and colleagues have shown that at the level of national economies, their effects are often quite ______ blank. The effect of recent oil shocks on the gross domestic product of Australia, for example, was only slightly greater than zero. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

The recovery program led by Marisel López-Flores has dramatically increased the population size of the endangered Amazona vittata, the endemic parrot of Puerto Rico. Given that A.vittata corresponds in physiology, behavior, and ecology to endangered Amazona species elsewhere in the Caribbean, the conservation approach developed by López-Flores may be ______ blank across the genus.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

Steiger Butte Drum, a family ensemble from the Klamath Tribes of the Pacific Northwest, collaborated with composer Michael Gordon to create Natural History, a work featuring traditional drumming and vocals alongside an orchestra and chorus. Steiger Butte Drum's participation is ______ blank to the piece: members not only contributed to its composition but also must be included in all performances. Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

The following text is adapted from Susan Glaspell's 1917 play The People. Oscar, a writer at a newspaper called The People, is writing at a table when a woman enters the office to speak to the editor. THE WOMAN: This is the office of The People? OSCAR: Um-hum. THE WOMAN: (Excitedly.) I came to see the author of those wonderful words.OSCAR: (Rising.) Which wonderful words? THE WOMAN: About moving toward the beautiful distances. OSCAR:(Loses interest and returns to his writing.) Oh. Those are Mr. Wills' wonderful words. THE WOMAN: Could I see him? OSCAR: He isn't here yet. He's just back from California. Won't be at the office till a little later. Which choice best states the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?

Vertical gene transfer involves the transmission of genetic material from a parent to offspring; horizontal gene transfer, on the other hand, involves the exchange of genetic material between organisms not in a parent-offspring relationship. While horizontal gene transfer is common among prokaryotes—single-celled organisms, such as the bacteria Comamonas aquatica and Massilia timonae—it has rarely been observed among eukaryotes (multicellular organisms). However, new studies suggest that horizontal gene transfer is more common in eukaryotes than originally thought. Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?