Despite potential independent confirmation, the apparent detection in 2020 of phosphine (PH₃)—a gas that on Earth almost exclusively derives from biological sources—in Venus’s cloud deck remains controversial, in part because Venus is thought to be uninhabitable. To evaluate such a finding’s plausibility, William Bains et al. modeled multiple abiotic PH₃ pathways, including geochemical, atmospheric, and photochemical reactions, but none adequately explain the observed levels of PH₃.
If Venusian PH₃ does exist, it would indicate insufficiencies in the current consensus on Venus’s chemistry.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

The influence of William Shakespeare’s writings is clear in a vast range of subsequent literary works and is similarly ______ in many works in other media, from fine art (such as Richard Kindersley’s sculpture The Seven Ages of Man) to popular music (such as the band the Lumineers’ song “Ophelia”).
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

The Apollo Moon landings (1969–1972) brought atmospheric sensors and mirrors to measure the distance from Earth to the Moon and produced large amounts of data, much of which was stored on technologies that are now obsolete. A data-transfer project is working to ______ these data so that the information is available to researcher Tom Murphy, who is investigating drift in the orbit of the Moon.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

The following text is from Charles Dickens’s 1861 novel Great Expectations. The narrator is taking a walk near his home on a damp morning.
“On every rail and gate, wet lay clammy, and the marsh mist was so thick, that the wooden finger on the post directing people to our village—a direction which they never accepted, for they never came there—was invisible to me until I was quite close under it.”
As used in the text, what does the word “accepted” most nearly mean?

In factories, humans and robots often work together. A research team ran an experiment to find out how working with robots affects relationships between human coworkers. The experiment included teams working together to make electric motor parts. One type of team included only humans and the other type included both humans and robots. Participants were paid for their work and were asked about their willingness to share their earnings with their human teammates. Participants from teams with robots were more likely to share with each other than participants from teams with only humans were.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?